Resource-based cities are influenced by both mining activities and urbanization, with coal subsidence areas undergoing dynamic changes and intense land use transformations. The ecosystem services (ESs) of these cities are severely constrained by uncertain factors, increasing the likelihood of a decrease in their ecological risk levels. In the context of the urban-rural-mining trinary structure, the InVEST model, the supply-demand coordination model, and spatial autocorrelation were used to quantitatively assess the six ESs and their supply-demand relationships in Huainan, a typical mature resource-based city in China. The land use structure and spatiotemporal transformation patterns in the study area were explored and ecological management zones were delineated based on risk identification. Furthermore, the extent to which different types of land use transformations affect ecological risks were examined. The results indicated that the total supply and demand of ESs in study area were both in a trend of growth. The degree of supply-demand matching showed a declining trend followed by an increasing trend, with spatial variations in the supply-demand matching of each ES. High-risk areas with insufficient supply were mainly concentrated in mining land and urban land, while forest played a positive role in multiple ESs. The improvement of ecological environment and socioeconomic development were the main driving forces behind the improvement of the human-environment relationship, but regional differences existed, with higher ecological supply-demand risks in urban areas. Research results were expected to deepen our understanding of the cascading relationship between human activities, ESs, and human well-being, providing a scientific basis for achieving coordinated development between the ecological system and the social system in resource-based cities.

Resource-based cities; Urban-rural-mining trinary structure; Ecological risk; Supply-demand of ecosystem services; InVEST model